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They are difficult to extract from raw materials and are prepared and applied in industry later. However, it has a wide range of uses in modern industry, such as the production of special steels, superhard alloys and high-temperature alloys, in the electrical industry, chemical industry, ceramic industry, nuclear energy industry and rocket technology.
The name of rare metals has a certain degree of relative relativity. With the extensive research on rare metals, the discovery of new production sources and new refining methods, and the expansion of their application, the boundaries between rare metals and other metals will gradually disappear. The content of rare metals in the earth's crust is more than that of copper, mercury, cadmium, and other metals.
Classification of rare metals According to the physical and chemical properties of various elements, occurrence status, production process and other characteristics, generally divided into the following five categories:
Rare light metals include lithium, cesium, rubidium, and cesium. Smaller proportion, strong chemical activity.
Rare refractory metals include titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, and tungsten. The higher the melting point, the higher the melting point of the compounds formed with carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and boron.
Rare scattered metals are abbreviated as rare metals, including yttrium, indium, gallium, germanium, antimony, and selenium and tellurium. Most of the minerals are present in other elements.
Rare earth metals are abbreviated as rare earth metals, including lanthanum, cerium, and actinides. Their chemical properties are very similar and they are associated with one another in minerals.
Rare radioactive metals include naturally occurring antimony, thorium, thallium, and lanthanides from the niobium, thorium, thorium, and lanthanide metals, as well as artificially produced niobium, tantalum, niobium, and other elements, and elements 104 to 107.
The above classification is not very strict. Some rare metals can be included in this category, but can be included in another category. For example, cesium can be listed as a rare metal, and it can also be listed as a rare refractory metal.
Uses Indium: China ranks first in the world in reserves. It accounts for 80% of global supply. Mainly used for flat panel displays, alloys, semiconductor data transmission, aerospace product manufacturing. Mainly associated with lead and zinc ore, China's primary indium output was only 410 tons in 2005. Indium, which is a companion metal, is only the content of zinc concentrate is calculated in PPM (million), very small, can not be regenerated.
Tungsten: China's world reserves first. 85% of global supply. Mainly used for carbide, special steel and other products, and is widely used in the defense industry, aerospace, information industry, known as the "industrial teeth." Tungsten is resistant to high temperatures, so tungsten alloys are used in large quantities in the machinery and weapon industries. Such as the gun, gun launch tube will use tungsten alloy. Military use bullets are made of high-density alloy steel, tungsten carbide and other materials that are much harder than tank armor. The mechanical properties of tungsten alloys are similar to those of depleted uranium, and the disadvantage of depleted uranium is its advantages. Tungsten is not radioactive, and its chemical properties are very stable. Even at temperatures above 1000°C, it does not oxidize, and its hardness does not decrease significantly. This is very beneficial to the high-temperature metal jets of the anti-rust bullets. Tungsten has a very high hardness and is mainly used for alloys of iron and steel metals. After adding tungsten, the hardness of steel will be greatly improved. In the field of metal processing, high-speed steel is an alloy containing tungsten. If a country does not have tungsten, the metal processing capacity under the current technological conditions will be greatly lost, leading directly to the flaws in the machinery industry, so it is called strategic metal. In addition, tungsten must also be used as a filament in the field of lighting.
Molybdenum: China ranks second in the world in reserves. It accounts for 24% of global supply. Used for the refining of various types of alloy steel, stainless steel, heat-resistant steel, super alloy, widely used in the military industry, known as "war metal."
Rare Earth: China ranks first in the world in reserves. The supply accounts for more than 80% of the global total. For the manufacture of composite materials, magnesium, aluminum, titanium and other alloy materials, was vividly compared to "industrial monosodium glutamate.
Zhai: The reserves rank first in the world. Production accounts for 50% of the world. Mainly used for night vision equipment, thermal imaging equipment, petroleum product catalysts, solar cells, etc., and is widely used in the field of optical fiber communications.
In addition, niobium, tantalum, niobium, cadmium, niobium, tantalum, niobium, titanium, nickel, zirconium, chromium, cobalt, etc., as well as nickel chromium, nickel chromium silicon, nickel aluminum, titanium aluminum, iron nickel, etc. It is strategic metal that is also widely used in national defense construction. Some have been used in the manufacture of spacecraft and military applications. For example, metal tantalum not only has great use on artillery, but also is a necessary material for future space exploration. Its peculiar physical and chemical properties have been studied by scientists so far. The special use of tantalum alloys is still under research and development.
Smelting process technology Rare metals in the earth's crust are not all very rare. For example, the content of titanium, zirconium, vanadium in the earth's crust is greater than the common non-ferrous metals nickel, copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tin. Because rare metals are dispersed and often associated with other metals, some of the physical and chemical properties are special, so special production processes are often required. Extraction and extraction of lithium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, bismuth, indium, bismuth, antimony, bismuth, and lanthanide metals, lanthanide metals, etc. using organic solvent extraction and ion exchange. Metallic thermal reduction method and molten salt electrolysis method for producing lithium, bismuth, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, and rare earth metals; extraction, separation and reduction using chlorination metallurgical method to obtain titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium , antimony and rare earth metals; iodide thermal decomposition of high purity titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, uranium, thorium and so on. A series of metallurgical techniques such as vacuum sintering, arc melting, electron beam melting, and plasma melting have been used extensively for the extraction of rare metals, especially rare refractory metals. Regional smelting technology has been an effective means of producing high-purity rare metals and rare refractory metals.
With the advancement of science and technology and the development of metallurgical processes, equipment and analysis and detection technologies, and the expansion of the production scale of rare metals, the purity of rare metals has also been continuously improved, performance has been continuously improved, and varieties have increased, thus promoting the application of rare metals. The expansion. Some metallurgical processes of rare metals, such as organic solvent extraction technology and chlorination technology, have also been gradually extended to the entire metallurgical field of non-ferrous metals. China is rich in rare metal resources, such as tungsten, titanium, rare earth, vanadium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum, lithium, yttrium and other proved reserves, all ranking in the world. China is gradually establishing a rare metal industry system.
Rare metals usually refer to metals that are less or less widely distributed in nature.