Basic knowledge of leather Meaning of the dermis "Leather" is a common word in the leather goods market, and it is a customary name for natural leather to distinguish synthetic leather. In the concept of consumers, "leather" also has a non-false meaning. It is mainly processed from the skin of animals. There are many kinds of leather, various varieties, different structures, different quality, and the price is very different. Therefore, leather is a general term for all natural leather and an ambiguous mark on the commodity market. From a physiological point of view, any hide has hair, epidermis and dermis. Because the dermis contains a network of small fiber bundles, it is quite strong and breathable. The epidermis is located under the hair and adheres to the top of the dermis and is composed of epidermal cells of different shapes. The thickness of the epidermis varies from animal to animal, for example, the thickness of the skin of the cowhide is 0.5 to 1.5% of the total thickness; the thickness of the sheep skin and the goat skin is 2 to 3%; and that of the pig skin is 2 to 5%. The dermis is located under the epidermis between the epidermis and the subcutaneous tissue. It is the main component of the hide, and its weight or thickness accounts for more than 90% of the hide. Raw materials for tanning The raw material for tanning is animal skin. Although the most common in our lives are pigskin, cowhide and sheepskin, in fact most animal skins can be used for tanning. Only cowhide, pigskin and sheepskin are of good quality and high yield, which is the main raw material for tanning. Although there are many kinds of raw materials for tanning, according to a series of laws and regulations such as the international animal protection regulations, the raw materials used for production are limited to a certain extent. The commonly used leathers are: cow leather, sheep leather, pig leather and horse. leather. Leather characteristics and differences The first layer of skin and the second layer of skin: according to the layer of leather, there are first layer and two layers of leather, of which the first layer of leather has grain leather, shaving leather, embossed leather, special effect leather; two layers of leather and pigs Layer and cow two-layer leather and so on. Grain leather: Among the many leather varieties, the whole grain leather tops the list, because it is processed from the fine raw material skin with less disability, the leather surface remains intact and the coating is thin and can show The natural beauty of the animal skin. It is not only wear resistant, but also has good gas permeability. Tianhu series leather goods use this kind of leather as raw materials to produce high quality leather products. Trimming leather: It is made by grinding the surface with a leather machine and then painting it, pressing the corresponding pattern. In fact, it is a “cosmetic†of a natural leather surface that is disfigured or rough. This leather almost lost its original surface condition. Full grain leather characteristics: divided into soft leather, wrinkle leather, front leather and so on. The characteristic is that the grain is completely preserved, the pores are clear, small, tight, irregularly arranged, the surface is full and meticulous, elastic and good in gas permeability, and it is a high-grade leather. Leather products made from this cowhide are comfortable, durable and beautiful. Semi-grain leather characteristics: It is processed and ground into only half of the grain during the production process, so it is called semi-grain leather. The style of the natural leather is maintained, the pores are flat and elliptical, the arrangement is irregular, and the hand feel is hard. Generally, the raw material skin with poor grade is selected. Therefore, it is a middle block leather. Due to the special nature of the process, the surface is free from scratches and scars and the utilization rate is high, and the finished product is not easily deformed, so it is generally used for large-sized briefcase products with a large area. The characteristics of shaved leather: also known as "glossy cowhide", the market is also called matte, glossy cowhide. The surface is smooth and smooth without pores and skin texture. In the production, the surface grain surface is slightly polished, and a layer of colored resin is sprayed on the leather to cover the surface of the leather. It is sprayed with water-based light-permeable resin, so it is a high-grade leather. . Especially the bright leather, its bright and dazzling, noble and gorgeous style, is the popular leather of fashion leather goods. Special effect cowhide characteristics: The production process requires the same modified leather, only the colored resin is coated with beads, metal aluminum or metal copper for the comprehensive spraying of leather, and then a layer of water-based light transparent resin, the finished product has various luster Brightly lined, graceful and luxurious, it is currently popular leather, which is a mid-range leather. Embossed cowhide characteristics: The patterned leather panels (aluminum, copper) are used to heat and press various patterns on the surface of the leather to form a style of leather. At present, the market is popular with “Litchi-grain cowhideâ€, which is made by using a flower board with a pebbled pattern. Two-layer leather: It is made by layering machine with thick skin. The first layer is used for whole grain leather or shaving leather. The second layer is made of two layers of leather after finishing or filming. Its fastness is resistant. Less abrasive, it is the cheapest of its kind. The characteristics of the second layer of cowhide: the reverse side is the second layer of leather, and the surface is coated with a layer of PU resin, so it is also called film cowhide. Its price is cheaper and its utilization rate is high. With the change of the process, it is also made into various grades, such as imported two-layer cowhide. Due to its unique craftsmanship, stable quality and novel varieties, it is the current high-grade leather, and its price and grade are no less than the top layer of leather. Leather care knowledge The leather bag to be collected in the season must be cleaned before storage, and a clean shredded paper or cotton shirt should be placed in the bag to keep the shape of the bag, then put the bag into a soft cotton bag, and collect it. The bag in the cabinet should be deformed without undue extrusion. The cabinets that store the leather products must be kept ventilated. For example, cabinets with louvered doors are better, and there are not too many items in the cabinet. The natural oil of the leather itself will gradually decrease over time or the number of uses, so even the most advanced leather goods need regular maintenance. It is recommended that you clean the leather before you store it. For general leather products, it is best to apply the oil to the leather first. The method is to wipe the oil on a clean cotton cloth, and then wipe the surface evenly to avoid directly applying the oil to the surface to avoid damage to the leather. The first priority of the maintenance of leather products is to “use itâ€. Whether it is used in handbags, whether it is not scratched, not exposed to rain, or contaminated by water, is the most common sense of maintaining handbags. Otherwise, if the problem is solved, the effect will be poor. Leather absorbs strong, should pay attention to anti-fouling, high-grade frosted leather should pay special attention. Wipe dry with a dry towel once a week, wring it out, and wipe it several times. If there is stain on the leather, wipe it with a clean, damp sponge and a mild detergent, then allow it to dry naturally. Try it out in an unobtrusive corner before you officially use it. If you overturn the beverage on leather, immediately dry it with a clean cloth or sponge and wipe it with a damp cloth to allow it to dry naturally. Do not blow dry with a hair dryer. If it is stained with grease, wipe it off with a dry cloth. The rest is naturally dissipated or cleaned with detergent. Do not scrub with water. If you find any holes, broken and burned, do not arbitrarily repair, directly ask the professional service. Furniture that stores leather goods should not be exposed to the sun, which will cause the leather to crack and fade. The surface of high-quality leather goods is inevitably subject to minor scratches, which can be diluted by the body temperature and oil of the hands. If the leather goods are accidentally drenched into the rain, the water drops should be dried and placed in a cool, ventilated place to be air-dried. Cut and use the fire to dry or explode in the sun. Before using the leather care products, test the skin at the bottom or the inside of the bag with a little test. After the problem is confirmed, use the whole leather. When the leather parts are inadvertently wrinkled, the iron can be set to the wool temperature and the cloth is flattened. Hardware maintenance on leather goods should be wiped with a dry cloth after use. If it is slightly oxidized, try rubbing the hardware with flour or toothpaste. Painted leather is generally wiped with a soft cloth. For the maintenance of glossy leather, please use a little leather maintenance oil on the soft cloth, and then rub it on the leather with a little force; the maintenance of matt leather, usually only use a cloth to wipe, if the dirt is serious, try to use similar rubber Gently wipe off the rubber. If the leather goods are stained with black spots, try rubbing with the same color leather and alcohol. Suede leather must use a soft animal brush to remove dust and dirt on the surface. If the pollution is serious, try to use an eraser to gently push the dirt out of the square to remove the dirt. Leather identification knowledge How to identify the leather Hand model: that is, touch the surface of the leather with your hand. If it is smooth, soft, full, and elastic, it is the leather. However, the synthetic synthetic leather has a blemish, a rigid plate and poor softness. Seeing: leather leather has clear pores and patterns, yellow leather has more uniform pores, yak has thicker and sparse pores, and goatskin has fishy scaly pores. Smell: All leather has a leather smell; artificial leather has a strong plastic smell. Ignition: A little fiber is torn off from the back. After igniting, it gives off the smell of hair. It is the dermis that does not knot hard. It has a pungent smell and is made of artificial leather. How to identify artificial leather and synthetic leather Artificial leather and synthetic leather are woven fabric base or non-woven base, which are respectively coated with polyurethane and made by special foaming treatment. The surface feels like leather, but the breathability, wear resistance and cold resistance are not as good as leather. . How to distinguish? Leather surface: The leather surface of the leather has its own special natural pattern. The leather surface is natural and lustrous. When the leather surface is pressed or pressed by hand, the leather surface has no wrinkles or dead folds, and there is no crack; while the leather surface of artificial leather is like leather. However, the pattern is unnatural, the gloss is brighter than the leather, and the color is mostly bright. The leather surface is pressed with a finger, and there is no obvious pore wrinkles. Even if there is wrinkles after pressing, it will not disappear naturally. Leather: The leather feels soft and tough, while the imitation leather is soft, but the toughness is not enough. The leather is hard when the weather is cold. When the leather is twisted by hand, the leather is natural and elastic, and the leather-like leather is hard and elastic. Incision: The color of the incision of the dermis is uniform, and the fibers are clearly visible and fine. However, the incision of the imitation leather product has no fiber sensation of the dermis, or the fiber and resin at the bottom are visible, or the base fabric and the resin are glued to two levels from the slit. Inside the leather: the front side of the leather is smooth and flat with pores and patterns, and the reverse side has obvious fiber bundles, which are fluffy and uniform. The surface of imitation leather products has no pores, and some synthetic leathers have the same front and back. The inner and outer gloss are good and smooth. Some artificial leathers have different front and back sides. The leather can see obvious base fabrics. But some of them have imitations inside and outside. It is like leather, and there are also fluff like leather. It is necessary to carefully observe the difference between true and false leather. 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