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1. Recommended amount of nitrogen fertilizer
There are two main types of methods: (1) methods based on the prediction of soil nitrogen supply; and (2) methods for predicting soil nitrogen supply. At present, both types of methods are only semi-quantitative, and it is emphasized that: (1) The nitrogen supply (Ns) of the soil measured by the nitrogen accumulation in the nitrogen-free area is closely related to the crop characteristics and the hydrothermal conditions during the growth period, and It is also strongly influenced by the amount of nitrogen from non-soil sources; (2) there is no clear relationship between the form of soil organic nitrogen and its biodegradability. Therefore, the chemical index of soil organic nitrogen mineralization (Nm) is only empirical; 3) Therefore, in theory, there is not necessarily a high correlation between Ns and Nm, unless the factors affecting soil organic nitrogen mineralization and the amount of non-soil source nitrogen are similar among the fields. The “average nitrogen application method†is conducive to regional control of nitrogen fertilizer application. The average suitable nitrogen application method refers to the appropriate average value of each field obtained from the test network of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on the same crop in the same area.
2. Deep application: This is a mature and effective technique, including deep application of rice fields, mixed application of no water layer, and irrigation after dry land application. Studies have shown that the effect of deep application is mainly to reduce ammonia volatilization, and the effect depends on the amount of nitrogen remaining in the surface water (rice field) or soil surface (dry land) after nitrogen application.
3. Application period: Using the competitive absorption of chemical fertilizer nitrogen by crops to reduce the concentration of fertilizer nitrogen in the soil is an effective way to reduce nitrogen fertilizer loss and improve its utilization rate, and has been confirmed by many field experiments. Therefore, in the distribution of nitrogen fertilizer application in different periods, under the premise of ensuring the growth of the pre-crop, the nitrogen application rate in the pre-growth period should be minimized, and the focus should be shifted to the middle growth period.
4. Nitrification inhibitor: A small amount of N2O escapes during the nitrification process. Moreover, the formed nitrate nitrogen is easily lost by denitrification and or leaching. Therefore, inhibition of nitrification has been widely recognized.
5. Urease inhibitors: mainly PPD and NBPT, and their combined use. There are also hydroquinone and coated urea in China, and the use of urease inhibitors and nitrification inhibitors has been studied. Studies have shown that there is a good correlation between the reduction in ammonia volatilization after the use of urease inhibitors and the amount of ammonia volatilization in the control without urease inhibitors. However, the amount of total loss reduction was not related to the total loss of the control.
According to relevant experts, China's agricultural fertilizers use 35% of seasonal crops, NH3 loses 11%, denitrification losses of 34%, leaching 2%, economic losses of 5%, and 13% fail to determine where they are going. To increase the nitrogen utilization rate, the “average nitrogen application method†is adopted. The large-area nitrogen application rate can be controlled at 150-180kg/hm2. The application principle of reducing nitrogen fertilizer loss and improving utilization rate is as follows: (1) Try to avoid mineral nitrogen in the soil. Excessive accumulation; (2) Make full use of the competitive absorption of mineral nitrogen by crop roots; (3) Take corresponding countermeasures for the main loss pathway of nitrogen fertilizer. The main technical analysis is as follows:
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